Apple first used DisplayPort via Thunderbolt for 4k displays.. not HDMI The earliest Mac models to support 4K resolution via their built-in ports were the Mac Pro (Late 2013) and the MacBook Pro (Retina, Late 2013).
They supported 4K output through their Thunderbolt 2 ports, which are
also DisplayPort 1.2 compatible. This allowed for connections to 4K displays via Mini DisplayPort to DisplayPort or Mini DisplayPort to HDMI adapters.
hence the thunderbolt to displayport adapters:
https://www.amazon.ca/StarTech-com-Thunderbolt-Dual-DisplayPort-Adapter/dp/B08KFMBQ21below is some further information on displayPort versions:
DisplayPort 1.2 was released in January 2010. It was officially ratified by VESA in December 2009. This version significantly improved upon its predecessor, DisplayPort 1.1, by doubling the data rate and introducing new features like Multi-Stream Transport (MST) for daisy-chaining multiple monitors.
DisplayPort 1.2, introduced in 2010, significantly improved upon previous versions by doubling the data rate to 17.28 Gbit/s, enabling higher resolutions, refresh rates, and color depths. It also introduced features like Multi-Stream Transport (MST) for connecting multiple monitors and support for stereoscopic 3D.
DisplayPort 1.2 supports various refresh rates depending on the resolution. For example, it can handle 1080p at 240Hz, 1440p at 144Hz, and 4K at 75Hz. It also supports 5K resolution at 30Hz. DisplayPort 1.2's maximum total bandwidth is 21.6 Gbps, which enables these refresh rates.
Specific refresh rates supported by DisplayPort 1.2:1080p (Full HD): Up to 240Hz.
1440p (Quad HD): Up to 165Hz.
4K (Ultra HD): Up to 75Hz.
5K: Up to 30Hz.
DisplayPort 1.2 also introduced features like support for multiple independent video streams (daisy-chaining), improved audio bitrates, and stereoscopic 3D. It also added support for the Mini DisplayPort connector.
DisplayPort 1.4 was introduced on March 1, 2016. It's a significant update building upon DisplayPort 1.3, offering features like Display Stream Compression (DSC), Forward Error Correction, and enhanced audio capabilities.
DisplayPort 1.4 supports a wide range of refresh rates and resolutions,
including 8K at 60Hz and 4K at 120Hz without compression.
With Display Stream Compression (DSC), it can achieve 8K at 60Hz with HDR and 4K at 144Hz.
It is also capable of supporting 1440p at 240Hz.
Specific Refresh Rates and Resolutions supported by displayPort 1.4:8K: 7680x4320 @ 60Hz (with DSC)
5K: 5120x2880 @ 60Hz (without DSC)
4K: 3840x2160 @ 120Hz (without DSC), 144Hz (with DSC)
1440p: 2560x1440 @ 240Hz (without DSC)
1080p: 1920x1080 @ 240Hz
DisplayPort 1.4 also supports HDR and is backward compatible with older DisplayPort devices.